The artificial intelligence boom is driving a global race for critical minerals, with supply chains concentrated in just a few countries.

China dominates the materials behind AI hardware. It accounts for 99 per cent of processed gallium and 69.2 per cent of rare earth mine production, according to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2026.

The Democratic Republic of Congo produces 52 per cent of the world’s tantalum. These materials are essential for semiconductors, magnets and power systems in AI data centres.

Copper demand is surging too. AI data centres need 30 to 50 tonnes of copper per megawatt, triple the 5 to 15 tonnes used by traditional facilities.

The United States has mobilised over 30 billion dollars for critical mineral projects and launched a 10 billion dollar strategic reserve called Project Vault.

Analysts warn the biggest bottleneck is not mining but processing. China controls most refining capacity, and catching up could take a decade.

J.P. Morgan forecasts lithium demand growing 16 per cent in 2026, as data centres reshape commodity markets worldwide.