Each extra 100 grams per day of ultra-processed food was associated with a 14 per cent higher risk of cardiovascular events, a 4 per cent higher cancer risk and a 3 per cent higher risk of death, according to a large meta-analysis.

Pooling 51 prospective cohort studies covering 8.8 million adults, it also linked every extra 100 g/day to a 2 per cent higher risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Because the analysis is observational, it shows association rather than proving cause and effect — factors such as overall diet, lifestyle and income can influence the results. Ultra-processed foods include sugary drinks, packaged snacks, processed meats and ready meals.

Nutrition experts say the results add to a growing body of evidence favouring minimally processed diets. Anyone concerned about their diet should speak to a doctor or qualified dietitian rather than acting on headlines alone.

Ultra-processed foods now account for a large share of calories in many countries, and dietary guidelines are gradually catching up. Public-health experts recommend cooking from whole ingredients where possible, reading nutrition labels and limiting sugary drinks — advice that does not require waiting for definitive proof of causation.